1 Timothy 3:16
God Manifest in the Flesh
Reading Supported
God was manifest in the flesh.
Variant Issue
The KJV/TR reads 'God was manifest in the flesh,' while early uncial evidence supports 'who' and some Latin evidence supports 'which.'
Quick read
The 'God' reading has strong later Greek, Byzantine, and lectionary support, while several early uncials support 'who' and Latin/Vulgate evidence supports 'which.'
Support category
Byzantine/Majority support for 'God,' early uncial support for 'who'
Sources used
INTF NTVMR; ECM where published/available; NA/UBS apparatuses; Tyndale House Greek New Testament apparatus; passage-specific manuscript studies where applicable
Manuscript Count Snapshot
Manuscript evidence at a glance.
Greek support
Hundreds of Byzantine Greek manuscripts
Greek against
5 principal Greek witnesses / groups listed for 'who'; D plus Latin/Vulgate support for 'which'
Support category
Byzantine/Majority support for 'God,' early uncial support for 'who'
Lectionary support
Lectionaries read 'God'
Main evidence against
Sinaiticus first hand, A first hand, C first hand, G, 33
Evidence Summary
Byzantine/Majority support for 'God,' early uncial support for 'who'
The 'God' reading has strong later Greek, Byzantine, and lectionary support, while several early uncials support 'who' and Latin/Vulgate evidence supports 'which.'
Greek support
Hundreds of Byzantine Greek manuscripts
Against
5 principal Greek witnesses / groups listed for 'who'; D plus Latin/Vulgate support for 'which'
Patristic
1 entry
Site Summary Score
82% for / 18% against
A site-level summary from the Greek manuscript count plus the Latin, Syriac, Coptic, patristic, lectionary, and printed evidence listed for this passage.
For the KJV/TR reading: 82% site summary score
Against or alternate readings: 18% site summary score
Greek support snapshot: Hundreds of Byzantine Greek manuscripts
Greek against snapshot: 5 principal Greek witnesses / groups listed for 'who'; D plus Latin/Vulgate support for 'which'